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For example, Zhang and Cheng have found a novel mode known as the complete diamond mode (also be named as octagonal collapse mode) based on the research of square tubes with patterns. In addition, a large number of researchers devoted themselves to the discovery of new collapse mode.
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For instance, introducing foam filler, ,, multi-cell, and variable thickness, , to thin-walled structures have been proved to be effective to enhance the energy absorption capacity. Therefore, some methods were proposed to control the collapse modes. The researches above indicate that different collapse modes influence the performance of those conventional tubes (circular, square, and triangular tubes). Recently, two collapse modes (diamond mode and rotational symmetry mode) of triangular tubes under large axial plastic deformation was studied by Fan. Finite element analysis of triangular tubes was carried out by Cui and Shen. Chattopadhyay investigated the buckling modes of triangular tubes. The triangular tubes are widely used in some structures as bridges, cranes and steel building. Further investigation revealed the diverse characteristics of square tubes folding in different collapse modes. Two new collapse modes, known as asymmetric mixed mode A and B, apart from the symmetric collapse mode were observed in those experiments. A large sum of experiments were conducted to validate the quality of those theoretical prediction. The foundation research of square tubes were performed by Wierzbicki and Abramowicz including the super folding element theory, , the effective crushing distance and the material strain rate sensitivity. Diverse performance of circular tubes deforming in axi-symmetric mode, non-symmetric mode, mixed mode and Euler mode was investigated in. Guillow presented a mode classification chart for circular tubes through plenty of experiments. Alexander, Yoshimura, Pugsley, Johnson, Wierzbicki and Singace are pioneers in the field. Circular, square and triangular tubes are the most common energy absorption devices.Ĭircular tubes are known to be efficient energy absorbers. Therefore, the safety performance of vehicles is what engineers and designers should invest more effort in.Ĭompared with designing a new body-in-white (BIW) with safer performance, designing some specific energy absorption devices to absorb the huge kinetic energy is an easier method. This situation may become much more serious along with the rapid development of transportation industry. Those accidents result in substantial loss of life and property. Traffic accidents have drawn considerable attention recently. It is found that the mean crushing force decreases with the increase of the number of buckling points. The effect of local buckling on the mean crushing force is presented to analyze the characteristics of those three collapse modes.
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The comparison among those three collapse modes suggests that the complete diamond mode is the most efficient one and the symmetric mode is the most inefficient one in terms of energy absorption. Complete diamond mode as well as two new collapse modes, which are local buckling mode and symmetric mode, were observed in tests. And the mean crushing force of origami crash boxes with longer modules ( l/t=60) is larger than that with shorter ones ( l/t =40). Experimental results validate that origami crash boxes perform better than the conventional square tubes. All of the origami crash boxes have identical thickness t and surface area A to those of conventional square tubes. Thirty-three dynamic tests on thin-walled tubes including conventional square tubes and two types of origami crash boxes were conducted on a drop hammer rig.